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In US case law, associated discrimination is only recognised in rare exceptions and explicitly mentioned in the wording. However, discrimination in the employment relationship exclusively in two-person constellations of employee and employer is already considered outdated. In the relevant US literature, associated discrimination means discrimination against a person on the basis of his or her relationship with another person, who is the bearer of a characteristic protected by the prohibitions on discrimination. The concept is known here as “discrimination by association”, “association discrimination”, “associational discrimination” or “associative discrimination”. Below you will find information on similar US concepts (third party reprisal claims), standing in cases of associational discrimination, federal and state laws, as well as differences with German anti-discrimination law.