While access to American colleges and universities was historically reserved for white middle- to upper-class males, things changed in 1965 when Executive Order No. 11246 ratified affirmative action. At the core of the debate stands the question of who should have access to college. Universities where race and ethnicity are no longer factors of admission have been proactive in pursuing diversity on campus. As restrictions on the use of race and ethnicity in admissions are likely to spread, and as achievement gaps in higher education persist, colleges should be more active and creative in encouraging diverse enrollment. Both Indiana University East and the Columbia University in the City of New York have implemented affirmative action policies.